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犯罪の被害者と権力濫用の被害者に関する司法の基本原則宣言
犯罪およびパワー濫用の被害者のための司法の基本原則宣言
Ｇ.Ａ.決議 40/35（1985）
Ａ．犯罪被害者
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犯罪の被害者と権力濫用の被害者に関する司法の基本原則宣言
以下は、警察庁の訳です。
Ｇ.Ａ.決議 40/35（1985）
Ａ．犯罪被害者
１．犯罪被害者とは、個人であれ集団であれ、加盟国で施行されている、犯罪的パワー濫用を禁止する法律を含むところの刑事法に違反する作為または不作為により、身体的または精神的傷害、感情的苦痛、経済的損失、または基本的人権に対する重大な侵害などの被害を受けた者をいう。２．この宣言においては、加害者が特定されているか、逮捕されているか、告訴されているか、あるいは有罪判決を受けているかに関係なく、また加害者と被害者の間の親族関係の有無に関係なく、被害者と見なすことができる。司法へのアクセスおよび公正な扱い
被害者という用語には、妥当であれば、直接の被害者の直近
の家族または被扶養者、および苦しんでいる被害者を助けたり、被害を防止したりして介入した際に被害を受けた者も含まれる。
３．この宣言に記載されている条項は、人種、肌の色、性別、年齢、言語、宗教、国籍、政治的またはその他の信条、文化的信念または慣習、財産、出生または身分、民族または社会的素性、障害などにより、いかなる種類の差別も行なれず、すべての者に適用されるものとする。
４．被害者は、同情と彼らの尊厳に対する尊敬の念をもって扱われなければならない。被害者は、受けた被害について、国内法の規定に従って、裁判制度にアクセスし速やかな回復を受ける権利がある。５．被害者に対し、必要な場合には、費用がかかからず、かつ迅速で公平に利用できる、公式または非公式の手続きによって被害回復が受けられるように、裁判制度や行政制度を制定し、強化しなければならない。被害弁償（Restitution)
被害者には、そうした制度を通じて被害回復を請求できる権利があることを知らせなければならない。
６．被害者のニーズに対する司法および行政の対応は、次のような方法によって促進されなければならない。
（ａ）訴訟手続きにおける被害者の役割とその範囲、タイミングと進行状況、および訴訟の処分決定について、知らせる。重大犯罪が関係していて、被害者がそうした情報を求めている場合は、特にそうである。
（ｂ）被害者の個人的利益が影響を受ける場合には、被告人に不利益を与えることなく、また該当する国内の刑事司法制度に従って、彼らの意見や関心事を訴訟手続きの適切な段階で表明させたり考慮したりする。
（ｃ）法的処理全体を通じて被害者に適切な援助を与える。
（ｄ）必要に応じて被害者の不便を最低限にとどめ、かつそのプライバシーを保護する措置を講じ、また嫌がらせや報復を受けないように、被害者に代わって、被害者だけでなく、その家族や証人の安全も保障する。
（ｅ）訴訟の処分決定や、被害者に裁定額を認めた命令や判決の行使については、不要な遅れを避けなければならない。
７．和解や被害者の立ち直りに適している場合には、調停、仲裁、習慣法、または事実たる慣習慣行など、非公式な紛争解決方法を採用すべきである。
８．自己の行為に責任のある犯罪者またはその関係者は、妥当な場合には、被害者、その家族または被扶養者に、公正な被害弁償を行わなければならない。この被害弁償に含まれるのは、財産の返還、発生した被害または損害に対する支払い、被害の結果発生した費用の弁済、サービスの提供、権利の回復である。９．加盟国政府は、刑事裁判における量刑選択の際に、従来の刑事制裁以外にも、新たに適用できるような被害弁償を考慮して、慣行、規則、法律の見直しを行なうべきである。被害補償（Compensation)
10．環境にかなりの被害が発生し、被害弁償を命ぜられた場合に、その被害弁償に含められるべきものとして、環境の原状回復、インフラストラクチーの再建、公共施設の建て替え、さらに、その被害のためにコミュニティの移転が必要になった場合には、その移転費用の弁済などである。
11．公務または準公務を行う公務員またはその代理人が国内の刑法に違反した場合には、被害者は、発生した被害に責任のある公務員またはその代理人が所属する国から弁償を受けることができる。侵害的作為または不作為が発生した時に政権の座にあった政府がすでに存在しない場合には、その国家または政府の権利を継承した者が、被害者に弁償をしなければならない。
12．次の被害者が、犯罪者またはそれ以外から十分な弁償を得られない場合には、国家は、経済的補償を行なうよう努力しなければならない。（ａ）重大な犯罪の結果、身体にかなりの被害を受け、または身体や精神の健康に損傷を受けた被害者被害者援助（Assistance)
（ｂ）そうした被害のために死亡したり者または身体的および精神的不能になった者の家族、特に被扶養者
13．被害者補償基金の創設、強化および拡充の努力をする必要がある。自国民が被害者になった国家がその被害を補償する立場にない場合などでは、適切であれば、補償目的のために、これ以外の基金を創設する方法も考えられる。
14．被害者は、政府・ボランティア・コミュニティに基礎をおく機関、および地域固有の機関などから、物質的、医療的、精神的、社会的に必要な援助を受けることができる。15．被害者には、医療サービスや社会福祉サービス、その他の関連援助について知らせ、すぐに利用できるようにしておかなければならない。Ｂ．パワー濫用の被害者
16．警察、司法、健康、社会サービス、その他の関係担当者は、被害者のニーズに適切に対応し、適切な援助を迅速に行なうためのガイドラインについて、トレーニングを受けなければならない。
17．被害者にサービスや援助を提供する場合には、受けた被害の内容や第３条に定める特別 なニーズに、特に配慮しなければならない。
18．パワー濫用による被害者とは、個人であれ集団であれ、国内の刑事法には違反していないものの、人権に関して国際的に認められた基準に違反する作為または不作為により、身体的または精神的傷害、感情的苦痛、経済的損失、または基本的人権に対する重大な侵害などの被害を被った者をいう。19．国家は、パワー濫用を禁止する基準やパワー濫用の被害者を救済する基準を、国内法に組み込むことについて検討すべきである。特に、こうした救済には、被害弁償および（または）被害補償、および必要な物質的、医療的、精神的、社会的援助や支援を盛り込むべきである。
20．第18条で規定されているように、国家は被害者に関わる多国間の条約について交渉を行なうことを考慮すべきである。
21．国家は、変化する環境に対応できるように、既存の法律や慣行について、定期的に見直しを行ない、必要に応じて政治的パワーないし経済的パワーの重大な濫用となる行為を禁止し、そうした行為を防止する政策や対策を促す法律を制定施行し、またそうした行為の被害者には、直ちに適切な権利と救済を与えるべきである。
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A/RES/40/34
29 November 1985
96th plenary meeting
The General Assembly,
Recalling that the Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of
Crime and the Treatment of Offenders recommended that the United Nations
should continue its present work on the development of guidelines and
standards regarding abuse of economic and political power,
Cognizant that millions of people throughout the world suffer harm as a
result of crime and the abuse of power and that the rights of these victims
have not been adequately recognized,
Recognizing that the victims of crime and the victims of abuse of power,
and also frequently their families, witnesses and others who aid them, are
unjustly subjected to loss, damage or injury and that they may, in addition,
suffer hardship when assisting in the prosecution of offenders,
1. Affirms the necessity of adopting national and international
measures in order to secure the universal and effective recognition of, and
respect for, the rights of victims of crime and of abuse of power;
2. Stresses the need to promote progress by all States in their efforts
to that end, without prejudice to the rights of suspects or offenders;
3. Adopts the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of
Crime and Abuse of Power, annexed to the present resolution, which is designed
to assist Governments and the international community in their efforts to
secure justice and assistance for victims of crime and victims of abuse of
power;
4. Calls upon Member States to take the necessary steps to give effect
to the provisions contained in the Declaration and, in order to curtail
victimization as referred to hereinafter, endeavour:
(a) To implement social, health, including mental health, educational,
economic and specific crime prevention policies to reduce victimization and
encourage assistance to victims in distress;
(b) To promote community efforts and public participation in crime
prevention;
(c) To review periodically their existing legislation and practices in
order to ensure responsiveness to changing circumstances, and to enact and
enforce legislation proscribing acts that violate internationally recognized
norms relating to human rights, corporate conduct, and other abuses of power;
(d) To establish and strengthen the means of detecting, prosecuting and
sentencing those guilty of crimes;
(e) To promote disclosure of relevant information to expose official and
corporate conduct to public scrutiny, and other ways of increasing
responsiveness to public concerns;
(f) To promote the observance of codes of conduct and ethical norms, in
particular international standards, by public servants, including law
enforcement, correctional, medical, social service and military personnel, as
well as the staff of economic enterprises;
(g) To prohibit practices and procedures conducive to abuse, such as
secret places of detention and incommunicado detention;
(h) To co-operate with other States, through mutual judicial and
administrative assistance, in such matters as the detection and pursuit of
offenders, their extradition and the seizure of their assets, to be used for
restitution to the victims;
5. Recommends that, at the international and regional levels, all
appropriate measures should be taken:
(a) To promote training activities designed to foster adherence to
United Nations standards and norms and to curtail possible abuses;
(b) To sponsor collaborative action-research on ways in which
victimization can be reduced and victims aided, and to promote information
exchanges on the most effective means of so doing;
(c) To render direct aid to requesting Governments designed to help them
curtail victimization and alleviate the plight of victims;
(d) To develop ways and means of providing recourse for victims where
national channels may be insufficient;
6. Requests the Secretary-General to invite Member States to report
periodically to the General Assembly on the implementation of the Declaration,
as well as on measures taken by them to this effect;
7. Also requests the Secretary-General to make use of the
opportunities, which all relevant bodies and organizations within the United
Nations system offer, to assist Member States, whenever necessary, in
improving ways and means of protecting victims both at the national level and
through international co-operation;
8. Further requests the Secretary-General to promote the objectives of
the Declaration, in particular by ensuring its widest possible dissemination;
9. Urges the specialized agencies and other entities and bodies of the
United Nations system, other relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental
organizations and the public to co-operate in the implementation of the
provisions of the Declaration.
ANNEX
Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims
of Crime and Abuse of Power
A. Victims of Crime
1. "Victims" means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered
harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss
or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or
omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member
States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power.
2. A person may be considered a victim, under this Declaration, regardless
of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted
and regardless of the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the
victim. The term "victim" also includes, where appropriate, the immediate
family or dependants of the direct victim and persons who have suffered harm
in intervening to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.
3. The provisions contained herein shall be applicable to all, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, age, language, religion,
nationality, political or other opinion, cultural beliefs or practices,
property, birth or family status, ethnic or social origin, and disability.
Access to justice and fair treatment
4. Victims should be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity.
They are entitled to access to the mechanisms of justice and to prompt
redress, as provided for by national legislation, for the harm that they have
suffered.
5. Judicial and administrative mechanisms should be established and
strengthened where necessary to enable victims to obtain redress through
formal or informal procedures that are expeditious, fair, inexpensive and
accessible. Victims should be informed of their rights in seeking redress
through such mechanisms.
6. The responsiveness of judicial and administrative processes to the needs
of victims should be facilitated by:
(a) Informing victims of their role and the scope, timing and progress
of the proceedings and of the disposition of their cases, especially where
serious crimes are involved and where they have requested such information;
(b) Allowing the views and concerns of victims to be presented and
considered at appropriate stages of the proceedings where their personal
interests are affected, without prejudice to the accused and consistent with
the relevant national criminal justice system;
(c) Providing proper assistance to victims throughout the legal process;
(d) Taking measures to minimize inconvenience to victims, protect their
privacy, when necessary, and ensure their safety, as well as that of their
families and witnesses on their behalf, from intimidation and retaliation;
(e) Avoiding unnecessary delay in the disposition of cases and the
execution of orders or decrees granting awards to victims.
7. Informal mechanisms for the resolution of disputes, including mediation,
arbitration and customary justice or indigenous practices, should be utilized
where appropriate to facilitate conciliation and redress for victims.
Restitution
8. Offenders or third parties responsible for their behaviour should, where
appropriate, make fair restitution to victims, their families or dependants.
Such restitution should include the return of property or payment for the harm
or loss suffered, reimbursement of expenses incurred as a result of the
victimization, the provision of services and the restoration of rights.
9. Governments should review their practices, regulations and laws to
consider restitution as an available sentencing option in criminal cases, in
addition to other criminal sanctions.
10. In cases of substantial harm to the environment, restitution, if ordered,
should include, as far as possible, restoration of the environment,
reconstruction of the infrastructure, replacement of community facilities and
reimbursement of the expenses of relocation, whenever such harm results in the
dislocation of a community.
11. Where public officials or other agents acting in an official or
quasi-official capacity have violated national criminal laws, the victims
should receive restitution from the State whose officials or agents were
responsible for the harm inflicted. In cases where the Government under whose
authority the victimizing act or omission occurred is no longer in existence,
the State or Government successor in title should provide restitution to the
victims.
Compensation
12. When compensation is not fully available from the offender or other
sources, States should endeavour to provide financial compensation to:
(a) Victims who have sustained significant bodily injury or impairment
of physical or mental health as a result of serious crimes;
(b) The family, in particular dependants of persons who have died or
become physically or mentally incapacitated as a result of such victimization.
13. The establishment, strengthening and expansion of national funds for
compensation to victims should be encouraged. Where appropriate, other funds
may also be established for this purpose, including those cases where the
State of which the victim is a national is not in a position to compensate the
victim for the harm.
Assistance
14. Victims should receive the necessary material, medical, psychological and
social assistance through governmental, voluntary, community-based and
indigenous means.
15. Victims should be informed of the availability of health and social
services and other relevant assistance and be readily afforded access to them.
16. Police, justice, health, social service and other personnel concerned
should receive training to sensitize them to the needs of victims, and
guidelines to ensure proper and prompt aid.
17. In providing services and assistance to victims, attention should be
given to those who have special needs because of the nature of the harm
inflicted or because of factors such as those mentioned in paragraph 3 above.
B. Victims of abuse of power
18. "Victims" means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered
harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss
or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or
omissions that do not yet constitute violations of national criminal laws but
of internationally recognized norms relating to human rights.
19. States should consider incorporating into the national law norms
proscribing abuses of power and providing remedies to victims of such abuses.
In particular, such remedies should include restitution and/or compensation,
and necessary material, medical, psychological and social assistance and
support.
20. States should consider negotiating multilateral international treaties
relating to victims, as defined in paragraph 18.
21. States should periodically review existing legislation and practices to
ensure their responsiveness to changing circumstances, should enact and
enforce, if necessary, legislation proscribing acts that constitute serious
abuses of political or economic power, as well as promoting policies and
mechanisms for the prevention of such acts, and should develop and make
readily available appropriate rights and remedies for victims of such acts.
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